Cate Storey 31/10/22 Cate Storey 31/10/22

The Greater Glider: Gliding, Fluffy and Gorgeous!

Greater gliders are uniquely Australian, gliding marsupials that live in hollows in tall eucalypt trees. I’m starting the week with some interesting greater glider facts to share with your friends, family or school.

Illustration from *The Perfect Hollow: A Greater Glider Story*, Author: Cate Storey, Illustrator, Sarah Matsuda, published by Wet Season Books.

1. Gum-leaf eaters

Like the iconic koala, the greater glider is a gum-leaf-eater and has favourite feed trees, including the lemon scented gum (Corymbia citriodora), grey box (Eucalyptus moluccana) and forest red gum (Eucalyptus tereticornis).

2. Hollow dependant

Eating gum leaves can make you slow and sleepy. Rather than depending on speed to escape danger, greater gliders rely on a network of familiar den trees to quickly hide from predators.

3. Not just any tree

Greater gliders reside high in the canopy. They prefer to feed from trees with a diameter greater than 30cm (about the size of an adult hug) and live in hollows in trees with a diameter greater than 50cm. An individual glider uses between 4 and 18 den sites, within small home ranges of approximately 1.5 hectares. This means gliders need quality habitat, with many mature hollow-bearing trees. With hollows often taking over 100 years to form, greater gliders are very vulnerable to habitat loss from logging, development and intense bushfires.

4. Very rare

Once widespread across Eastern Australia, greater gliders had no listing under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act (EPBC) only six years ago. In 2016 they were listed as Vulnerable (to extinction) and this year this listing was updated to Endangered. Research published in The Conversationfound that after the greater glider was listed as Vulnerable, destruction of its habitat actually increased in some states. For many, the greater glider has become a symbol of Australia’s failing environmental laws.

5. Vulnerable to a heating climate

Greater gliders’ physiology and eucalypt diet makes them vulnerable to higher temperatures and extreme weather events, specifically a greater number of nights above 20 degrees C and prolonged drought. Greater gliders also need appropriately insulated hollows, which can be hard to replace with man-made alternatives.

Along with the threat posed by logging and clearing for development, more severe storms, droughts, and intense bushfires driven by climate change, mean a loss of hollow bearing trees.

One of the most harrowing images emerging from the 2020 bushfires was of scared greater gliders, attempting to flee and becoming tangled in barbed wire fencing, which is particularly hazardous to Australia’s gliding marsupials.

6. People like you are fighting to protect them

On Sunday night, 2 October 2022, 66 citizen scientists conducted a nocturnal survey of 12 areas identified on the Victorian government’s current timber harvesting plan or its proposed plan. They found 60 greater gliders! The findings of the night survey should now trigger the terms of a temporary court injunction to prevent logging in the 12 areas where the greater gliders were found.

Kinglake Friends of the Forest (KFF) and Environment East Gippsland (EEG) have an ongoing case against government owned logging company VicForests, in that state’s Supreme Court. KFF and EEG believe VicForests has failed to properly survey for threatened species, including the greater glider and yellow-bellied glider.

7. Detection dogs

Finding greater gliders in no easy task. Residing high in the canopy, greater gliders can be challenging to detect through traditional spotlighting surveys. The insulation provided by their fluffy fur also makes them difficult to find using thermal imaging, often used to detect koalas.

Detection dogs have come to the rescue. Trained to sniff out the greater glider’s scats (poo), much smaller than possum scats, detection dogs can help identify where spotlighting efforts should focus.

The more data we have on greater gliders and where they can be found, the greater our opportunity to protect this unique Australian treasure.

8. Their habitats may be closer than you think

Greater gliders have been found in bushland close to (and sometimes within) Australia’s east coast capital cities (Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne). This means that development decisions within our local government areas can have direct impacts on the animal’s survival.

9. Three distinct species

Once considered a single species, recent research has revealed that northern, central and southern greater glider populations are genetically distinct and should be separated into three different species: Petauroides minor, Petauroides armillatus and Petauroides volans.

10. Gliding, fluffy, gorgeous but not well known

Greater gliders are Australia’s largest gliding marsupial. Their gliding membrane extends from their elbows to their ankles. They can glide up to 100m and use their tail to steer as they glide between trees. Their fluffy, thick fur is found in a range of colours from deep brown to almost white.

Despite their obvious charm, greater gliders are far less familiar than Australia’s most famous gum-leaf eater, the koala, or the sweet as pie sugar glider. Once people get to know them, they have no trouble winning hearts and minds.

Like many Australia’s rare mammals, raising their profile is important for ensuring their future protection.

"In the end we will conserve only what we love; we will love only what we understand; and we will understand only what we are taught" (Baba Dioum, 1968.)

Cover Image: *The Perfect Hollow: A Greater Glider Story*, Author: Cate Storey, Illustrator, Sarah Matsuda, published by Wet Season Books.

About the author of this blog:

Cate Storey is a children’s author and founder of Wet Season Books. Cate writes stories that celebrate Australia’s unique landscapes, wildlife and ecology. Her second book, The Perfect Hollow, illustrated by Sarah Matsuda, follows one greater glider’s search for the perfect hollow, with some scary, hairy and amusing adventures along the way.

Cate Storey 22/3/22 Cate Storey 22/3/22

10 bilby facts to share with your class or family this Easter

As super-charged-burrow-builders, bilbies help turn the soil, decompose leaf litter and provide homes for other small animals. They are also a uniquely Australian Easter mascot. Here are 10 bilby facts to share with your class or family this Easter

Easter Bilby, by Sarah Matsuda, illustration from Snuggled Away, published by Wet Season Books — Easter Bilby, Illustration by Sarah Matsuda

There is so much to love about bilbies. As super-charged-burrow-builders, bilbies help turn the soil, decompose leaf litter and provide homes for other small animals. They are also a uniquely Australian Easter mascot. Here are 10 bilby facts to share with your class or family this Easter:

1. Bilbies are excellent diggers. Their specially designed claws allow them to excavate spiral shaped burrows up to 3m long and 2m deep.

2. Bilbies frequently dig new burrows while abandoning old ones, creating shelters and for other animals (such as hopping mice) in the harsh arid/semi-arid environments where they live. Their burrows even provide shelter for other animals during a bushfire.

3. As they dig for food, bilbies make small furrows in the soil. These small holes collect seeds, leaves and moisture, helping plants germinate and grow.

4. Bilbies are marsupials (mammals with a pouch). They have one or two young at a time (and very rarely 3), although not all baby bilbies survive to adulthood.

5. A bilby’s pouch faces backwards, so that mother bilby doesn’t get dirt on her baby as she digs a burrow or searches for food.

6. Bilbies have soft, grey fur, a long tail with a black tuft on the end and large pointed ears.

7. The bilby’s large oversized ears work like inbuilt air-conditioning systems. The bilby’s blood circulates around the large surface area of the bilby’s ears and then returns cooling the bilby’s overall body temperature. This is just one of the many ways the bilby has adapted to Australia’s deserts.

8. Bilbies are omnivores. Although they have poor eyesight, they have a keen sense of smell. They use their long-pointed snouts to search out termites, spiders, seeds and roots. Bilbies particularly love termites and lick them up with their long, sticky tongue.

9. Like many native burrowing mammals, bilbies are often referred to as “ecosystem engineers” because of the important role they play in keeping our environment healthy.

10. Bilbies are now very rare. The greater bilby once occupied a range of habits across 70% of the Australian mainland. Sadly, bilbies now live only in isolated areas in arid and semi-arid regions in Northern and Central Australia. Their cousin the lesser bilby became extinct in the 1950s. Unfortunately, many of Australia’s small ground dwelling mammals are now endangered due to the key threats posed by introduced predators: feral cats and the European red fox as well as degradation caused by cattle and European rabbits.

The Easter Bilby campaign began in 1991 to raise awareness of the environmental destruction caused by introduced European rabbits and to raise awareness of the plight of the greater bilby. To find out why it’s important to celebrate bilbies not bunnies this Easter read our previous blog post.

Cate Storey is a children’s author and founder of Wet Season Books, her first book Snuggled Away will be released April 2022

Cate Storey 20/3/22 Cate Storey 20/3/22

Why, in Australia, it should be Bilbies not Bunnies this Easter.

I see the bilby as a mascot for all our small ground dwelling mammals, that have disappeared, and are continuing to disappear, from our landscape. It is time we gave them the public profile they deserve. If our children grow up with stories and narratives that foster a connection with our unique wildlife, our native animals will have future advocates. A perfect way to do this is by championing the Easter bilby.

Greater Bilby, illustration by Sarah Matsuda

My children are excited about the Easter bilby visiting this year. While Aussie kids are surrounded by images and stories of the Easter bunny, I purposely tell stories of the bilby and the way this precious animal helps the Australian bush come alive.

The bilby is a worthy Australian Easter mascot. Like many native burrowing mammals, bilbies play important ecological roles in the arid and semi-arid environments where they live. Greater bilbies are skilled excavators, capable of digging large spiral-shaped burrows, up to 2m deep, within hours. A small group of 2 to 3 bilbies can use up to 18 burrows at a time and they regularly dig new burrows, while abandoning others. In fact, bilbies are such proficient diggers that they are calculated to excavate more soil (volume of soil excavated per year) than any other species present in the same habitats. Their burrows provide temperate-controlled shelter in harsh climatic conditions and help protect other animals during a bush-fire. With these super powers, hiding eggs in the gardens of Australian children on Easter morning should pose them no problems at all.

Using their burrows for shelter during the day, bilbies emerge at night to sniff out food with their pointed snouts. Their foraging grounds are characterised by numerous 10 – 25 cm holes, which they dig while searching for termites, seeds, fungi, bulbs and fruit. In degraded areas, their foraging pits trap plant litter and seeds and accumulate nutrients and moisture, encouraging plant germination and growth. Bilbies are integral ecosystem engineers, perfect for a uniquely Australian symbol of new life.

Bilbies are incredibly special Australian mammals. Sadly, bilbies are also very rare.

The Easter Bilby Campaign began in 1991 to help raise awareness of the damage caused by introduced rabbits and to increase awareness of the plight of the endangered greater bilby.

Australians love an underdog, and when it comes to bunnies and bilbies, the bilby is definitely the underdog. The Australian landscape has changed dramatically over the last 200 years. Many of our small ground dwelling mammals have all but disappeared. The greater bilby, whose population was once widespread over 70% of the Australian mainland is now relegated to small patches of its former range. It’s cousin, the lessor bilby became extinct in the 1950s.

The extinction of the lessor bilby, and the dramatic decline of the greater bilby, was driven largely by introduced predators: the red fox and feral cat, and competition and habitat degradation from the introduced European wild rabbit.

Bunnies might be cute but in Australia they have a dark past … European wild rabbits were introduced in 1859. Within 50 years, rabbits had spread across the country with devastating implications for Australia’s native flora and fauna.

Similarly, the European red fox was deliberately introduced for recreational hunting purposes in the mid-1800s and their impact was compounded by the spread of feral cats. The wave of extinctions that followed were predominately ground-dwelling mammals in the critical size and weight range for predation from these two new hunters.

Our small mammals, such as bilbies, bettongs, bandicoots and potoroos once dominated the Australian landscape much like rabbits are common in Europe. They also played important ecological functions by turning the soil, assisting to decompose leaf litter, helping the ground absorb moisture and providing shelter for other wildlife. I believe our landscape misses them.

By the middle of the 20th Century, Australia had lost a tragic number of our unique ground dwelling mammal species. In total, twenty-eight Australian endemic land mammal species have become extinct since 1788. Many more unique Australian mammals were reduced to a shadow of their former ranges, persisting only on off-shore islands or within fenced predator-proof areas managed for conservation purposes.

To protect our unique native animals, and to stop them from silently disappearing, we need to move away from euro-centric mythologies and embrace our native fauna as our heroes. How different could things be if our children grew up with these animals in their nightly bedtime stories?

There is so much about Australian wildlife for our children to get excited about, but we need to help them connect with what is truly unique about the Australian environment. Getting children outdoors and into nature is a great start. However, as many of our unique animals are now locally extinct in areas accessible to our children, our unique wildlife must be kept in the national consciousness through art and storytelling.

If our children grow up with stories and narratives that foster a connection with Australian landscapes and wildlife, our native animals will have future advocates. A perfect way to do this is by changing the narrative of the Easter bunny and championing the Easter bilby.

Cate Storey is an Australian Children’s Author and founder of @Wet Season Books.